Paso Fino, pure from here

Hay 17 comentarios a este artículo

1. Jo-Ann ( June 21st, 2008 at 4:36 pm ) dijo:
   

   Hola Romualdo,
   Del Criollo me encanta su dureza y el ser apto para terrenos o deportes que perdonan menos la debilidad o pobre fortaleza.

2. Pablo ( October 5th, 2008 at 9:33 pm ) dijo:
   

   Hola Romualdo

   Explanatory information is referred to portoriqueno fine pitch and the difference with Colombia, really had no idea, so I imagine it to be the descendants deviera nearest of the first horses brought to the new world (besides geographical proximity with Spain ) is also very beautiful and natural.
   I think every Latin American country resibio various breeds or bloodlines, no doubt many have been lost, here in my country is used is rather Chilean cowboy use, also used in Brazil and Argentina but there they call it Creole genre is a mix Chilean-bred and River Plate, and reiterated that each country retains resibio of Spain, as adapted, improved or simplente lost, I'm glad that you have retained and this beautiful breed.
   Greetings from Chile

3. Cabins Criollo Horse ( May 30th, 2011 at 9:33 a.m. ) said:
   

   Well first I wanted to thank the administrator for creating this site that contains lots of information! And very good content, always passing through here and I love I leave my greetings and thanks.

4. nostrdamus ( June 29th, 2011 at 12:56 am ) said:
   

   The origin of domestic horses Iberian
   News - Publications
   This study suggests the possibility that in the Iberian Peninsula had been a completely independent domestication event, or at least that domestic horses from other regions have been crossed with wild mares Iberia.

   An international team led by researchers at the Joint Center UCM-ISCIII Human Evolution and Behavior of Madrid has found in some modern horses, Iberian and Iberian origin, mitochondrial DNA similar to that of native wild horses 6200 years ago. These horses belong to the races today Lusitano, Paso Fino Criolla Argentina and Puerto Rico.

   Mitochondria are extranuclear organelles that have their own genome, and transmitted from generation to generation through mothers. Based on this feature, the center reported, the researchers extracted and analyzed mitochondrial DNA from the remains of 22 Iberian horses from different eras: the Neolithic, Bronze Age and Middle Ages. The remains of the Bronze Age and medieval period came from the site of Cueva Mayor Portalón in Atapuerca (Burgos), while the Neolithic remains have been recovered at the site of Cova Fosca (Castellón).

   These sequences were compared with more than 1,000 sequences of modern horses from different races and Iberian Iberian and ancient horse sequences from different fields of Eurasia and America. Thus, researchers have confirmed that some mitochondrial lineages current domestic Iberian horses were already present in Iberian wild horses of the early Neolithic, continuing during the Bronze Age and reached today.

   Although during the Neolithic in the Iberian peninsula had pets, horses were not yet within that group. The first domestic horses are a Eurasian named later Neolithic era. For the Iberian Peninsula is not yet clear whether domestic horses appear during this time or the next, the Bronze Age.

   The oldest domesticated horses up to now have about 4,600 years old and come from the steppes between Ukraine and Kazakhstan. From this evidence, several scientific studies have raised two hypotheses: 1) domestic horses that were distributed throughout Eurasia from this focus, 2) that this process of domestication took place several times in history, independently on different regions of Eurasia.

   This new study suggests the possibility that in the Iberian Peninsula had been a completely independent domestication event, or at least that domestic horses from other regions have been crossed with wild mares Iberia. Thus, some mitochondrial lineages Iberian locally would have gone to all domestic Iberian horses. In addition, these lineages also Iberian individuals have transmitted some of the major American races, starting horses from the late fifteenth century have been transported from Iberia to the Americas. The study is published in the journal Molecular Ecology

5. Nostradamus ( July 5th, 2011 at 3:21 pm ) said:
   

   Be feasible to recover the data from the experiment with horses brought to refresh Colombian race of Puerto Rico or it is too late?

   REFLECTING ON THE LEVELS OF BLOOD IN THE FORMATION OF NEW RACE HORSES.

   Mr. Guido Seravalli Bravo. MSc.

   Judge and international consultant.

   This fascinating but profound technical issue must be addressed seriously, knowledge and responsibility. There is now an interesting debate in certain fields of farmers and technicians on the importance or not to form new horse breeds, livestock under the precept of "blood levels", namely the algebraic binomial preset 5 / 8 Race A and 3 / 8 race B, as mysteriously successful in cattle.

   Worldwide, more than 300 races and ecotypes of horses, all with specific morphologies adapted to different purposes and environmental conditions on the planet. All of them despite their sometimes large differences followed similar paths. The formation of new races is composed of 2 phases: first phase and the second mating inbreeding or consanguinity, in both the selection is constantly used functional morphology in accordance with the standards contained in race training Racial Pattern respective Stud Book.

   In the twentieth century in the United States, was formed the first "synthetic animal race" was the Santa Gertrudis breed, a breed of cattle to tropical beef production, which merged the production characteristics of European cattle (Bos taurus ) with the strength and hardiness of the Zebu breeds (Bos indicus). This work was performed at the King Ranch, using 2 parent races: the Short horn and the Brahman, 5 / 8 of the first with 3 / 8 of the second, or one bimestizo. Until then they had never used these degrees of blood to form any race in the world, this genetic work was positive, being used until today to form a number of breeds "bimestizas or synthetic."

   However, the laws of genetics involved in this process, obey the precepts of quantitative genetics and population, which study the inheritance, genes and interactions of those characteristics that are quantifiable, such as liters of milk / day, kg weight gain / day, height, body length, girth of cane, beaten cycle or speed, etc.. They involve multiple genes, not just a pair of alleles as in Mendelian characters. In addition to these characteristics generally had higher mean values ​​and heritability.

   In the case of saddle horse breeds, such is the case of Latin American and other horses, all features related to the mechanics of movement, are due to a complex and unquantifiable genetic interaction - environment. As is quite risky to predestine the formation of the "race of the future", to certain degrees of blood predetermined randomly. From this it follows the enormous importance of the processes and selection criteria at this stage that are foundational in mixed populations.

   Selection pressure standard track race, both anatomical and morphological attributes for functional, must be carefully applied generation after generation. It is imperative valuations start reproductively active population Stud. Also within a few years, should close the book on foundation to move to the second phase, as mentioned, is the stage-setting characteristics, which can only be achieved through the careful application of

   consanguinity, powering the use of elite sires of these populations, but very carefully selected.

   This stage will start when you have a number of females of reproductive age (actual population), sufficiently numerous to ensure genetic variability necessary to achieve the desired genetic process generation. Another strategy would help in this long but rewarding process of consolidation is to establish lists of sires selected solely according to their progenies, this reproductive use potencializaría increase in the population gene frequency of its alleles.

   The current discovery of human and equine genomes, opens a whole Pandora's box, and hopefully know suitable for the preservation and breeding of the modern horse or Equus caballus.

   After closing the Foundation, with about 4 generations (G 4), if we followed the steps correctly, then we would be facing a real race seat of the future, for example THE LATIN AMERICAN RACE HORSE. Finally, we should not expect brilliant results in the short term, as these are often not sustained over time or guarantor of the perpetuity of any population.

   We can not achieve this without working in a team challenge, putting aside those personal interests to advance its national, it presupposes ride together on the back of one opinion for the common good ...

   Good luck.

6. Romualdo ( July 5th, 2011 at 4:06 pm ) said:
   

   I think it is getting late for that ... on the one hand, we should dig inside the record books of the institution for 30 or 40 years ago ... on the other hand, the data that would be just a name on a piece of paper was not collected data on the quality of these copies ... finally, this article proposes crossings are based on specific combinations: 5 / 8 of a race and 3 / 8 of another ... in these experiments there was a specific combination ... and the tendency of those crosses was they did so I keep adding more blood instead of crossing Colombian products including ...

   This article is very interesting, but part of a clear NSDI stuctured to form a new race ... in the "experiment" was done in the 80's, the idea was to form a new race, but different blood injected a race set to cool by excessive inbreeding ... so did not make sense with more blood across Colombia to the products of those first crosses, hence it undermined the original idea and they opened the eyes of those who were defending the purity of the Race ...

   I think (I want to know if you see it differently) that the thinking of those who remained crossings was not to improve the horse Pure Puerto Rican Paso Fino ... and not create a new breed of Latin American Paso ... but inject a little blood pure Colombian Step mode with the idea of ​​getting animals to arrogance and speed of Colombia, but with the isochrony or maintenance of the four seasons of Pure Puerto Rican horse ... according to the judgments became more lax in support of having this left importance ... and now we see that the only interest is to produce animals that are cool and fast ...

   At least this is my opinion ...

   Romualdo

7. Eduardo A. Quijano Rivera ( July 16th, 2011 at 6:58 a.m. ) said:
   

   The "races" are basically "social constructs" indicates precisely why Mr. Seravalli. The "races" are domestic animal populations in relation to which a group of people share a common vision and aspiration characteristics and qualities they want to manifest in this population. Obviously, these characteristics and qualities are the result pursued their needs, sensitivity, values, environmental conditions that encourage and enhance the possibility that this population can develop the same. It is therefore my view, inseparable concept "race" with the term "cultural identity".

   When the extinction of a race, either because the population disappears because there are persons living or because its "gene pool" has been adulterated mixing with other races, whether by reason, there is the inevitable result of the loss and extinction "cultural identity" that this particular race expressed and represented.

   Create a "new breed" would intentionally or unintentionally cause the extinction of the races and the identity of the previous races. Do we want that? Obviously, in my case, NO. Especially in the case of the Paso Fino horse breed that is the native who gave the Creole and Creole our strength, sense of self-worth and pride to define their identity borincana. That is the reason why when I decided to publish this brief essay on the cultural history of the Paso Fino I titled it: Paso Fino: race distinguishes one people.

   Now, there is another issue. This is what we do with this "race" in relation to their qualities and characteristics. To my knowledge, and please correct me if I'm wrong, but living beings are part of the same race and share alleles identical to naturally reproduce offspring are not exact replicas of their parents even express the traits and characteristics that are uniform and individuals say that race. It is therefore important and necessary constant vigilance even when a race is to be preserved.

   But there is another important and essential factor. The "races", as with any cultural process if you lose "utility", but can be sustained for some time, the same social dynamics causes their disappearance. In fact, in the case of our "Sport of Paso Fino" originated during the decade from 30 to 40 was a product of that horse owners and breeders of "Paso Fino" knew that to technological change due to introduction of vehicles horse motor function as an instrument of tillage and method of transportation was destined to disappear and the horse too. Reconceptualize the use of the horse and create the category of "Paso Fino horse as a luxury item." And certainly, assemble an entire strategy with a vision to create this wonderful new product that is nothing to my mind, to separate the criollo common or ordinary, that horse with verve characteristics, morphology and special moves. Hence, in my particular interpretation, I think "fine pitch" also has an implication to a consistent look for our horse breed native to keep up to date as "luxury goods". That depends on their social utility.

   Momo the critical examination of our Paso Fino horse population is to me an obligation of all people we care for it. The defense of the Paso Fino horse breed uncritically and without sufficient scientific rigor, regardless of good faith (which exists) of the defenders, it hurt. The "modern Paso Fino breed" is the name of our native horse breed but is a category or unit of analysis to continually improve look as if this is possible and how to avoid introducing traits or characteristics that can detract.

   Without a doubt, dissatisfaction had in years 70 and 80 with respect to the quality of many of the copies of "fine pitch" with "papers." Not go into the issue of "papers" but a few words the wise is sufficient. Not addressed the problem as it did so. And the truth is that created the argument that "inbreeding" our race horses had deteriorated and began indiscriminate cross-breeding of purebred animals (many of the highest quality pure ... that if they were luxury items) in foreign animals. The effects of this terrible process suffer today the objective aspect both in terms of reduction of native horse population, loss of economic value of horse Paso Fino breed, loss of the "brand" as the Paso Fino horse breed unique the world and negative subjective effects as well as the ability to intelligently discuss and handle the differences between the breeders (as), owners (as) and athletes in general.

   From my point of view, "quality" of the short or long prevails. But it is the "quality enabled" is the "genetic quality". I recognize that there are different views as to specific elements of what is quality in the purism. From our point of view the Paso Fino horse I visualize it as a "top athlete" and it shows when you run a functional and natural fine pitch that causes an extraordinary emotion in the viewer. But I think this issue needs to be equipped with a perfect temperament and morphology or as close to perfect for your projection aesthetic, functional and kinetic it becomes a true and "unsurpassed luxury item." And of course, that about ideas or aesthetic concepts is important to have openness to respect differences. It will meet about 20 years we worked a draft Standards of Excellence Elite Paso Fino horse. A project that was and is based on the concept of elite horse set out in Act 169 of 1988. Although I have maintained a certain distance "visible" Paso Fino sport, due to advance our educational cause, I have followed closely the development of sport and race in the three entities purists. A few years ago there was talk of an outstanding pure animal. Unfortunately, using an expression that bothers me, "one that looks Colombian." Then, they had two or three. And of course, the usual discussion of whether it was fair, the decision of the judges. But this to me is secondary. My thing is see if I had outstanding qualities in terms of spirit, movement, morphology. If you had them. The information I have heard about the Country Fair 2011 was that they were no longer two or three. They were not a few females are outstanding. The information I have gathered is that from foals and foals to the rope until the events was a presentation of mounted specimens of high quality Paso Fino aesthetic, functional and kinetics. We all know that here, no "fine pitch enabled." This is "Paso Fino" pure the truth. The light at the end of the tunnel begins to shine. I congratulate them all.

   Finally, it is important to remember that the "genes" block down. I mention this because a quality or characteristic as important, necessary and attractive it has to come together, and harmonized with other concomitant to ultimately have that Paso Fino horse "luxury goods". Furthermore, we must always be aware that the Paso Fino breed is a place where the diagonals, is slow or fast, little or superatractiva, is not part of our identity. It is true that force and motion are two capital elements in the practice of any physical sport and the sport of Paso Fino, is a physical sport but pursue a horse with maximum dynamic stability and biomechanics of fine pitch must be maintained. Personally, I put no limits on the speed or frequency of the movements of "fine pitch" because if not objectively when speed of movement, biomechanics breaks objectively "fine pitch". Other people, without scientific proof, they insist that the "paso fino" confronts problems quickly but this is a perception and interpretation. As always, I go to the countryside to seek information or data. I clarify that I have enough empirical evidence to reach a conclusion. But, I have heard many testimonies that the best and Paso Fino horses have distinguished because when you try to "escape" no "gallop" but they get a pass with a tremendous speed. At first they disturb a bit but soon, if the editor is wise and when they fit a "show" Paso Fino. Anyway, this is one issue that deserves like many others, a good research paper.

   The proposed "new race". Obviously, no. A pure breed Paso Fino horses always renewed, always pure, always excellent, always "luxury goods", always exciting and always the bearer of our best qualities as individuals and as a people ... YES.

8. Nostradamus ( July 20th, 2011 at 8:59 pm ) said:
   

   Don Eduardo Quijano:

   I congratulate you as usual <addressed the issue that I bring to this unique forum. I am very close to accepting as correct expressions and see though I have the pleasure of knowing him personally, which is a learned advocate of a very important part of our national heritage.

   I am delighted to bring to our identity as a people issue together with the defense of the sport and breed Paso Fino.

   Perhaps by the completeness of the documents are written to this forum introduced small not to explain my intention.

   It is not to make or copy these methods to create a new race but I think as in all his writings you talk about genetic quality must create a protocol so that even with the inventory of horses PURE TRUE
   technique can be shaped and scientifically correct to improve what was once good and deteriorated. The solutions were made in good faith does not give the expected results.

   I say this regardless of the crosses and generations ago that these ensallos occurred.

   My thesis is as such subject to be tested scientifically,
   the characteristic of the amble and therefore the decomposition or evolution to Step fine is dominant over the tendency to biases even if the horse inventory was "blend" with Morgans, Arabs, saddlehorses, quarter horses and Colombians.
   The story is proof that the few examples I see in the Paso Fino competitions although not perfectly executed with isochrony step because it andonea or endorse, any move is not diagonals.
   I disagree with you regarding the empowerment of individuals because we know the reprehensible practice of wearing helmets, heavy shoe and barefoot earlier in the post as well as the legendary carvings that some friends of ours made his very young and delicate by immature foals for the purpose of set you head position to earn a $ 2.00 tape

   I sympathize with you in your search for quality horses always taking as northern and genetics which won this show.

   Finally I have witnessed satisfiso the competencies within the framework of the Country Fair the public took the organization was very good the judgments efficient, fair and fast and most importantly according to what has had and I had the privilege of enjoying it was the increasing quality of the copies.

   It was very interesting to see what kinds of young animals showed an improvement in print height and presence to be compared with the major events!
   I regret that 20 years have passed since the law of Paso Fino to the present day and even follow Divicion and always without removing crabs in the sport and our society.

   Congratulations on what has been achieved with more diligence and follow the wise guidance proposes that Lic.Quijano and the results will be faster ... ... .. or

9. Nostradamus ( July 21st, 2011 at 1:34 a.m. ) said:
   

   Received: 2/12/10. Aceptado: 8-2-11 . Arch. Zootec. 60 (231): 341-344 . 2011.
   ANÁLISIS DEMOGRÁFICO DE LA RAZA EQUINA HISPANO-ÁRABE
   DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE EQUINE BREED SPANISH-ARABIC
   Gómez, M.1*, León, JM1 y Delgado, JV1
   1Departamento de Genética. Universidad de Córdoba. Edificio Gregor Mendel. Córdoba. Spain.
   *z72gocam@uco.es
   Presentado al Congreso SERGA (2010, Asturias).
   ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS
   Horses. Effective size. Generation interval.
   SUMMARY
   El esquema de selección del caballo HispanoÁrabe
   se encuentra en desarrollo por lo que es
   necesario conocer su estructura poblacional a
   partir de la información registrada en el Libro
   Genealógico para diseñar una estrategia de mejora
   y utilización.
   Se calcularon los parámetros demográficos,
   sobre un censo total de 1041 animales que forman
   parte del núcleo selectivo de la raza. El tamaño
   efectivo obtenido fue de 1036,94 animales (553
   hembras y 488 machos), con un ratio sexual de
   1,13. Si el manejo reproductivo es el correcto,
   habría un incremento de la endogamia por generación
   de 0,000482 (0,048%) y por año, de
   0,000055 (0,005%), algo esperado debido al intervalo
   generacional total de 8,65 años (hembras
   8,95 y machos 8,31). El valor obtenido fue alto pero
   común en la especie equina, donde muchos animales
   se utilizan sólo para carreras deportivas. The
   tasa de reposición observada en hembras fue de
   12,66% y en machos, de 11,68%, con una edad
   media para machos y hembras de 8 y 9 años,
   respectivamente. Se deduce que el progreso
   genético se está gestionando de manera adecuada,
   manteniendo la variabilidad genética y dinámica
   de la raza.
   SUMMARY
   The breeding program of the Spanish-Arabian
   horse is in process of development and, for this
   reason, is necessary to know its population
   structure from the information registered in the
   Herd Book to design strategy for its improvement
   and utilization.
   The demographic parameters were calculated
   having a census of 1041 animals, taking part of the
   selective nucleus; the effective population size
   was 1036.94 (553 females and 488 males) with a
   sex ratio of 1.13.
   With a correct reproductive management we
   expect an increasing of the inbreeding rate by
   generation of 0.000482 (0.048%) and by year of
   0.000055 (0.005%), something expected because
   the total generational interval of 8.65 years
   (females 8.95 and males 8.31), value too high in
   the equine species, but common, because of a lot
   of animals are employed only in sport activities.
   The level of replacement observed was 12.66%
   in females and 11.68% in males, with mean ages
   of 8 and 9 years in males and females respectively.
   The good management of the genetic progress is
   demonstrated, also maintaining the level of genetic
   variability and dynamism of the breed.
   INTRODUCTION
   La raza equina Hispano-árabe, es originaria
   de Andalucía, actualmente esta región
   es un principal área de distribución pero se
   encuentra distribuida por todo el territorio
   peninsular. La Unión Española de Ganaderos
   de Pura Raza Hispano-Árabe (UEGHá)
   es la gestora del Libro Genealógico de la
   raza; la cual, está clasificada en peligro de
   extinción, según el Catálogo oficial de razas
   de Ganado de España (BOE, 2009). Las razas
   autóctonas constituyen parte del patrimonio
   histórico y cultural, y su salvaguarda es
   una prioridad indiscutible (León, 2008). So
   pues, la adecuada gestión de la diversidad
   NOTA BREVE
   PALABRAS CLAVE ADICIONALES
   Caballos. Tamaño efectivo. Intervalo generacional.
   Archivos de zootecnia vol. 60, núm. 231, p. 342.
   GÓMEZ, LEÓN Y DELGADO
   genética es fundamental para su sustentabilidad
   (UNEP, 1992), siendo imprescindible
   su caracterización demográfica a la
   hora de afrontar el diseño de una estrategia
   correcta para su utilización. Según Gama
   (2002), la caracterización de un sistema de
   producción, incluyendo el profundo conocimiento
   de la estructura demográfica, debe
   constituirse en la primera etapa de cualquier
   programa de mejora genética. Conocer la
   estructura de una población, su variabilidad
   y flujo de genes, es necesarios antes de
   empezar un programa de selección; el análisis
   demográfico pone de relieve las circunstancias
   que afectan a la población
   (Valera et al., 2005).
   El estudio de la constitución genética de
   las poblaciones y su evolución a través de
   las generaciones, es la base para el establecimiento
   y desarrollo de programas de selección
   o de conservación (Domínguez et
   al., 2010). Desde la aprobación del esquema
   oficial de la raza Hispano-Árabe se realiza el
   estudio demográfico incluyendo los censos,
   los intervalos generacionales, el tamaño
   efectivo, los ratios sexuales, incrementos
   de la endogamia por generación y por
   año, tasas de reposición, distribución por
   sexos y edad media.
   MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS
   Se utilizó la base de datos registrada en
   el programa de gestión del Libro Genealógico
   de la raza, compuesto de un archivo de
   animales nacidos entre 1987 y 2009, con
   genealogías contrastadas. El archivo definitivo
   sobre el cual se trabajó, fue en formato
   EXCEL y se organizaron los animales por
   edades y por sexos. Los parámetros demográficos
   fueron calculados con diversas
   aplicaciones informáticas; en primer lugar,
   los censos totales (sexo y edad), utilizando
   el procedimiento PROC MEANS y PROC
   FREC del paquete estadístico SAS en su
   versión 9.0. Siguiendo las recomendaciones
   de Kinghorn (2000), se obtuvo las pirámides
   de edades y el cálculo de los intervalos
   generacionales totales y por sexos. With
   esta misma información, se obtuvo la distribución
   de la población por sexos y, posteriormente,
   la determinación del ratio sexual.
   Se procedió al cálculo de la tasa de reposición
   total (Tt= N1/Nt), tanto en machos (Tm=
   N1/Nmt) como en hembras (Th= N1/Nht). To
   poblaciones con diferente número de machos
   y hembras, el tamaño efectivo de la
   población se calculó de acuerdo con lo
   propuesto por Falconer y Mackay (1996).
   Finalmente se calculó el incremento de la
   consanguinidad por año (ΔF/año). A partir
   de ésta se determina el incremento de consanguinidad
   por generación (ΔF/generación),
   como (ΔF/año x L), dónde L representa
   el intervalo generacional total (Wright,
   1992; Stone, 1977).
   RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN
   La eficacia de la metodología empleada
   en el presente trabajo ha sido contrastada
   en poblaciones de animales domésticos que
   se encuentran en la frontera entre la conservación
   y la mejora genética, como es el caso
   del caballo Lusitano en la especie equina
   (Vicente et al., 2009) o bien la experiencia en
   la raza canina Fila de San Miguel (Cruz y
   Costa, 2009).
   En la actualidad el núcleo selectivo de
   la raza es de 1041 animales, que es un
   número suficiente para empezar con el
   programa de mejora de la raza equina Hispano-
   Árabe, distribuidos por sexos de
   553 hembras y 488 machos, resultados que
   Tabla I. Distribución de censos de la población.
   (Distribution of the population census).
   Edad (años) Hembras Machos Total
   1-5 262 225 487
   6-10 114 103 217
   11-15 76 86 162
   16-20 61 57 118
   >20 40 17 57
   Total 553 488 1041
   Archivos de zootecnia vol. 60, núm. 231, p. 343.
   ANÁLISIS DEMOGRÁFICO EN EL CABALLO HISPANO-ÁRABE
   se observan en la tabla I.
   En las pirámides de edades por sexos,
   observamos en las hembras (figura 1), una
   mayor agrupación de animales entre 2-8
   años, y en los machos (figura 2) se aprecia
   una mayor concentración entre 2-7 años. The
   ratio sexual encontrado, de 1/1,13, es una
   cifra muy baja en caballos si lo comparamos
   con otras razas que presentan una proporción
   1/5. Este resultado demuestra la intensa
   expansión de la raza con la utilización de
   la inseminación artificial, hecho que influye
   en la reducción significativa del ratio sexual.
   En cuanto a la tasa de reposición en machos
   y hembras (11,68% y 12,66% respectivamente),
   se encontraron valores normales
   dentro de la especie algo que contrasta con
   lo comentado anteriormente.
   En la especie equina, generalmente por
   su longevidad, la vida reproductiva empieza
   a los 4 años de edad. Van der Werf (2000),
   expuso que el intervalo generacional es la
   edad media de los progenitores cuando su
   primera descendencia ha nacido. Para el
   caso de las hembras y machos se obtuvo un
   intervalo de 8,95 y 8,31 respectivamente.
   Figura 2. Pirámide de edades de los machos de la población Hispano-Árabe. (Age pyramid
   of male Hispanic-Arab population).
   Figura 1. Pirámide de edades en hembras de la población Hispano-Árabe.(Females age
   pyramid of the Hispano-Arab population).
   Archivos de zootecnia vol. 60, núm. 231, p. 344.
   GÓMEZ, LEÓN Y DELGADO
   Por otra parte, si el manejo reproductivo es
   el correcto tendríamos un incremento de la
   endogamia por generación de 0,000482
   (0,048%) y por año de 0,000055 (0,005%),
   algo esperado debido al intervalo generacional,
   de 8,65 años, resultado relativamente
   bajo si lo contrastamos con los obtenidos
   en el Pura Raza Español (PRE) de 10,11
   años (Valera et al., 2005).
   El tamaño efectivo (Ne) fue de 1036,94
   animales, de acuerdo con lo propuesto por
   Falconer y Mackay (1996). Este número de
   individuos sería la población real para mantener
   las tasas de consanguinidad, si tuvieran
   la condición ideal, desde el punto de
   vista reproductivo. El Ne y la tasa de consanguinidad
   son los parámetros más importantes
   en la conservación de las pequeñas
   poblaciones de animales domésticos. Estos
   dos parámetros son referencia en el mundo
   de la conservación, hasta el punto que sirven
   de referencia en organismos nacionales
   e internacionales para decidir qué poblaciones
   se encuentran en peligro de extinción,
   en desarrollo o deben ser consideradas
   razas de fomento.
   Los resultados del presente estudio
   demográfico del caballo Hispano-Árabe
   permiten resaltar algunos parámetros importantes,
   para su conservación y mejora,
   del tamaño efectivo de la población, se desprende
   que no hay peligro de extinción y si
   clara vocación de expansión. El incremento
   de la consanguinidad por generación y por
   año, sugiere que no hay peligro de perder
   variabilidad genética. De los demás
   parámetros demográficos, se deduce gestión
   adecuada tanto por la dirección técnica
   del esquema, como por la UEGHá encargada
   de la conservación y mejora de la raza.
   REFERENCES
   BOE. 2009. Real Decreto 2129/2008, de 26 de
   diciembre, por el que se establece el Programa
   nacional de conservación, mejora y fomento de
   las razas ganaderas. Sec. I. pp. 9211-9242.
   Falconer, DS and Mackay, TFC 1996.
   Introduction to quantitative genetics. 4th ed.
   Longman. Essex. England.
   Cruz, C. e Costa, JS 2009. Aspectos demográficos
   e avaliação do estatuto de risco da raça
   cão de Fila de São Miguel. Arch. Zootec., 58:
   505-508.
   Domínguez, J., Rodríguez, FA, Núñez, R., Ramírez,
   R., Ortega, JA y Ruíz, A. 2010. Análisis del
   pedigrí y efectos de la consanguinidad en el
   comportamiento del ganado de Lidia Mexicano.
   Arch. Zootec., 59: 63-72.
   Gama, LT 2002. Melhoramiento genético animal.
   Escolar Editora. Lisbon. Portugal.
   Kinghorn, BP 2000. The genetic basis of
   crossbreeding. In: Kinghorn, BP, Van der Werf,
   JHJ and Ryan, M. (Eds.). Animal breeding. Use
   of new technologies. Chapter 4. The Post
   Graduate Foundation in Veterinarian Science.
   University of Sydney.
   León, JM 2008. Evaluación del esquema de selección
   de la raza caprina Murciano-Granadina.
   Tesis Doctoral. Universidad de Córdoba.
   Stone, B. 1977. Cálculo de los coeficientes de
   consanguinidad. Agric. Rec., 3: 56-58.
   UNEP. 1992. Rio declaration. World Conference on
   Environment and Development. United Nations
   Environment Program. Brazil. United Nations
   Environment Program. United Nations publication.
   Sales No. E.73.II.A.14 and corrigendum. Río de
   Janeiro. Brasil.
   Valera, M., Molina, A., Gutiérrez, JP and Gómez,
   Goyache, J. 2005. Pedigree analysis in the
   Andalusian horse: population structure, genetic
   variability and influence of the Carthusian strain.
   Livest. Prod. Sci., 95: 57-66.
   Van der Werf, JHJ 2000. Livestock straight
   breeding system structures for the sustainable
   intensification of extensive grazing systems. In:
   S. Galal, J. Boyazoglu e K. Hammond (Eds.).
   Workshop on developing breeding strategies
   for lower input animal production environments.
   ICAR Technical Series, 3: 105-178.
   Wright S. 1922. Coefficients of inbreeding and
   relationship. Am. Nat., 56: 330-338.
   Vicente, A., Carolino, N. e Gama, LT 2009.
   Indicadores demográficos no cavalo Lusitano.
   Arch. Zootec., 58: 501-504.

10. nostradamus ( August 11th, 2011 at 4:29 pm ) dijo:
    

    Sera de paso la siguiente yegua?

    http://youtu.be/HAGq40Kfhgo

11. Romualdo ( August 11th, 2011 at 5:38 pm ) dijo:
    

    Depende lo que se entienda por “ser de paso”…

    Si hablamos del aire al que se desplaza, lo correcto sería decir que “es de marcha picada”, que es como le llaman en su país a ese aire… si no nos ponemos muy técnicos, podríamos decir que “anda al paso”… si hablamos de su raza, tendríamos que decir que “es Mangalarga Marchador”…

    Pero en una página dedicada al Paso Fino Puro Puertorriqueño, decir que “es de paso” podría interpretarse como “perteneciente a la RAZA de Paso Fino Puro Puertorriqueño”… y eso ciertamente no lo es…

12. nostradamus ( August 29th, 2011 at 9:22 pm ) dijo:
    

    Eso es un SI o un NO ?
    El nombre no hace la cosa.
    Creo que tanto tiempo escribiendo sobre caballos puedes entender una pregunta muy facil ,ES DE PASO o sea se desplaza en secuencia de lateral en cuatro tiempos? SI o NO ?

13. Romualdo ( August 29th, 2011 at 9:57 pm ) dijo:
    

    Tú eres abogado y sabes que hay que hablar con propiedad para que después no aleguen que se dijo tal o cual cosa… así que vuelvo a repetir me respuesta,

    Si por “ser de paso” se entiende que va a cuatro tiempos, podemos decir que sí, que “es de paso” (recuerda que yo escribí una serie de artículos sobre las distintas razas “de paso”)… pero hay que hacer la salvedad de que en Puerto Rico, dentro de una página Purista, decir que solamente que “es de paso” se podría entender que pertenece a la Raza de Paso Fino Puro Puertorriqueño… cosa que ese caballo no es…

14. nostrdamus ( September 8th, 2011 at 9:55 pm ) dijo:
    

    Esta es de paso tambien?
    http://youtu.be/Dj9pDCtyrQ4

15. nostradamus ( September 8th, 2011 at 11:36 pm ) dijo:
    

    Porque este caballo siendo de paso fino hace todos estos movimientos de alta escuela aun galopar y bricar pequenos obstaculos y los nuestros puros no tienen esa versatilidad?

    http://youtu.be/ZPI5HprSLJk

16. Romualdo ( September 9th, 2011 at 12:05 am ) dijo:
    

    Nostradamus ... the first video (and another left on another issue) say they are mares of "Paso Fino" ... and we clarify that the "Paso Fino" can be a form of air or a move that is common to many races ... by Moreover, "Paso Fino" is also the name of a specific breed native to Puerto Rico ...

    Now, if the talk that these animals are "passing" or "fine pitch" does not refer to the way you move ... then the answer is yes, walk to step ... but neither belongs to the Paso Fino breed native of Puerto Rico ...

    For example, an American Quarter Horse and a Spanish Thoroughbred trotting move ... so you could say that both are "jogging" ... but clearly belong to different races ...

    The second video presents a Criollo Colombiano (in the United States can call them whatever you want, but remain Colombian Creole) by movements of "high school" ... and what to do with our race ...? Every horse can learn to perform certain movements ... but what would be the reason to teach if they are not shown here that way ...

    Look ... since our visit in blog written and we're sharing videos, but never have made it clear where you stand on the Pure Puerto Rican Paso Fino ... how you compare to the mode of Paso Caballo Criollo Colombiano within ... and to other breeds of Iberian origin as the Peruvian Paso horse walker or Long Sleeve ambladoras ... or other races in the world ... would be interesting to know how you think in relation to our race ... you dare to answer?

17. nostradamus ( September 14th, 2011 at 11:57 pm ) said:
    

    Healthy horses Friend:
    I take the boldness to send a piece of riding a classic book translated from the French edition of which dates from 1845 or over 150 years ago and I think that this author was the precursor of modern ethology educators dressage horse or a good rational for horses and fans today announced it has rescued and as a novelty and / or creation of this or that country according to the speaker and the speaker that comes your way.

    I know from reading this extract verbatim copies of the original book will notice that the problems are similar but then the same as those we have today and obey the same root of the problem that you may be inferred with your analysis. If this great gentleman and famous writer appeals to me more than the sterile discussion of the name and origin of the horse when a people are ignorant of the roads and run by excelant horsemen.
    My opinion is not as important as the dissemination of knowledge already own or studied by real riders to appreciate what is sublime union of power you notice a horse understands and responds to good treatment and education as with parsimony and sense lead him complicity with his editor.

    BOOK: METHOD BASED ON RIDING AND NEW PRINCIPLES APPLICABLE
    Author: F BOUCHER

    My respect and appreciation for your friendship and knowledge

    Nostradamus
    Original Text
    "If Providence has given to man an intelligence superior to that of all other beings of creation, is to enable it to use it to aid and direct the same beings, destined to be his instruments. Otherwise
    How to interpret that passage in the Old Testament that tells us that the whip for the horse, a bridle for the ass, and stick to the ribs of fools?
    These words contain indeed a mystery, because if taken at face value, would not be worthy of divine wisdom, and we should believe them apocryphal. Would not it be in fact the horse rather than a machine without memory, without discernment, without instinct? Supposing so, and lacks any intellectual faculty, he would still be an organized, which together need to be perfectly matched to work with order and regularity. Wonder now if the whip is derived with this essential agreement in all its parts. Certainly not. In case, the horse does not meet our requirements, should, rather than with him, used the whip with the presumptuous that aims to drive a machine, which "knows no elements.

    If the contrary, we grant the intelligence to which he is entitled, if we recognize that it is susceptible of discernment, which has the gift of feeling, memory and comparison, we will come necessarily to infer> that is subject to common rules to all sentient beings é intelligent and striving to avoid what bothers you, find naturally 'or which is nice. No one speaks with the whip to his intelligence, nor will you understand it, that is in your own interest to surrender at discretion to his rider and to replace their natural movements and others new to him at first repugnant ¿ Such treatment would prove clearly that we are inferior in intelligence to the brute? It is then shown that the. Precept of holy writ, has no sense appears, for machine or automaton, the horse must be tamed and managed with science and reason, not with the whip. We address these considerations in particular, following this principle or the other so lacking in logic, believe that to have good horses and guide them, just pay dearly and hit hard.

    How long does the opposite, and few studies are needed. To get to know this noble animal!

    The lifetime is not enough to Picador for art enthusiast, to study with awareness and insight, but instead what compensation in this work is not teachers who meet these conditions, you can ask if the horse is a machine without intelligence; its answer and new principles issued in this work, I will popularize this truth to the fans.
    I know that some rivals claim that my system, the result of twenty years of painstaking observations, he was known in Germany, Russia and Italy many years before I was born. But if it was known Why not practiced? No cree que haya un profesor de equitacion que no prefiera obtener en un día, los resultados de un mes , en un mes los de un año, y que no existirá uno que deje de vanagloriarse de dominar pronto y totalmente un caballo reputado por indomable. ¿Porqué pues, si conocen, mi sistema, persisten en seguir una rutina impotente , incompleta y añeja? ¿Porqué? La contestación es fácil, porque nadie hasta ahora les había indicado los medios de obrar de otro modo. Desafió á todos los que se creen competentes en equitacion, á que apliquen la décima parte de los principios que constituyen mi sistema, á menos que no lo hayan estudiado en mi escuela. Puedo por lo demás invocar el testimonio de los condes de Bieves y de Miramont, á quienes me honro de haber tenido- por discípulos. Ambos han recorrido Alemania, Hungria y Prusia para observar lo que se practica en aquellas escuelas y publicar sus propias observaciones. Que digan si entre el gran número de picaderos que han visitado, han visto uno, cuya teoria y medios de aplicacion tengan la menor relación con los que profeso.

    Hallo muy doloroso, que después de haber invertido una gran parte de mi vida é inteligencia, en buscar una verdad útil, sea necesario emplear mas tiempo en pugnar contra odiosas rivalidades, que el que he gastado en hallarla; y jamás hubiera creído que para ser reconocido como maestro, fuera necesario escribir con estilo obscuro é inintelijible: he tenido la imprudencia de no omitir particularidad alguna que pueda servir para la mas clara aplicacion de mi método , persuadido que la práctica es siempre la mejor de las teorías, y que era el mejor medio de evitar interpretaciones inexactas; pero conozco que me he equivocado, porque á cada una de mis reglas se me contesta con sentencias de tal ó cual, profesor, que hace célebre su incomprensible oscuridad. Así es, que cuando he hablado de las ayudas vigorosas, y demostrado su utilidad como medio de educacion, se me ha contestado que el profesor La Gueriniere, ha hablado del contacto lijero de la espuela. Si entonces he preguntado como debe emplearse ese ligero contacto de la espuela, en que momento , con que objeto, y de que manera debe la mano secundarle, no he tenido contestacion y se ha querido pretender que cada cual debe interpretar á su modo el silencio que La Guerinicre ha creido conveniente guardar.
    Cuando he indicado los medios de dar gallardía á la posicion poco graciosa do un caballo mal conformado , se me ha dicho que Vaudreuil profesaba este mismo principio , y lo repetia incesantemente á sus discipulos.

    Cuando he hablado de medios para dar soltura al caballo , de su utilidad y del modo de usarlos para completar su educacion en las tres cuartas partes menos de tiempo, se me ha dicho que esto era muy antiguo y que en todos tiempos se habia recomendado esta misma soltura. Si; ¿pero como? Con unos medios tan opuestos á la naturaleza del caballo, como contrarios al sentido comun, y totalmente distintos de los que yo indicaba. Never mind. Esta palabra ha sido usada por todos los autores que han escrito sobre la materia; luego no es nueva. Los mismos autores han dicho tambien, que el caballo debe meterse en la mano, sin espresar el cómo, ni el porqué, y cuando lo he explicado , se me ha acusado de plajiario.

    Tampoco era mia la palabra recojer el caballo , porque todos lo han dicho.« Recoja V. el caballo » se dice al discipulo que recibe su primera leccion, haciendo de un acto el mas importante , el mas eficaz de la equitacion , un movimiento maquinal, sin fin y sin objeto.
    He aqui á donde sin embargo conducen grandes palabras huecas de sentido, que se aceptan sin comprenderlas. He definido la accion de recojer, ha sido el arte ampliado con esta definicion y todavia se pone en duda mi obra.
    Todos los autores han hablado tambien de romper desde pié firme á galope; pero
    ¿ Cual de ellos ha fijado principios racionales para hacerlo?

    Respecto á la influencia de la configuracion del caballo sobre la disposicion de sus fuerzas , á lo que he dicho y repetido sobre la necesidad de combatir las fuerzas instintivas, de neutralizarlas y de ponerlas á la disposicion del jinete para que las distribuya segun crea ser mas conveniente, y supla á los defectos causados por los vicios fisicos del caballo; como en ningun tratado de equitacion se ha tocado esta interesante cuestion, no se me comprende , ó por mejor decir, se finje no comprenderseme.

    Dedúcese de todo esto, que se necesita misterio y palabras pomposas para hacer efecto sobre la imaginacion de ciertas gentes, que no saben admirar mas que lo que no comprenden. No obstante, en mi concepto, pende de otras causas la prevencion malévola que se ha suscitado contra mi; consiste por lo general, en que todos ocultan bajo el velo que ella encubre la absoluta ignorancia de los principios ciertos y positivos del arte

    Se me ha preguntado muchas veces, si era posible resolver con mi método en un caballo completamente cerril, las principales dificultades de la equitacion; pero mi contestacion ha sido y será siempre negativa. La admirable destreza necesaria para resolverla es peculiar al hombre que está dotado de ella y por lo tanto no pertenece a sistema alguno.
    ¿Que principios pueden en efecto establecerse sobre procedimientos extraordinarios y que únicamente dependen de la energia fisica del jinete, y de la violencia de sus efectos?
    El animal cede á ella porque le sorprende y anonada, pero pronto la reflexion le induce á combinar los medios de resistencia que ha recibido de la naturaleza, y no tarda en contrarrestar los movimientos á que se le habia hecho ceder prematuramente.

    El profesor imprudente, se admira entonces que el caballo que en su concepto estaba domado, se niegue á ejecutar los movimientos mas sencillos y mas fáciles; sin conocer que vuelto de su primera sorpresa y habiendo adquirido el conocimiento de lo que es capaz, toma la iniciativa y casi siempre pasa de la defensa á la agresion,

    Por mucho que la naturaleza favorezca al caballo, necesita siempre algun ejercicio, para que sus fuerzas se presten mutuo auxilio; de lo contrario, todo en él, asi como en el jinete, es casual y maquinal.
    Los antiguos picadores estaban muy distantes de creer que algun dia llegaria á descubrirse un método mas sencillo y natural que el que ellos practicaban; pero debe decirse en su elojio, que si permanecieron estacionarios, dieron al menos pruebas de que supieron no exigir demasiado del caballo; y si el arte no progresó con ellos, no retrocedió tampoco.

    Espero demostrar , que si en mi método se hallan los medios de hacer mucho y en breve tiempo, se indican tambien los de hacerlo bien en atencion á que nada en él deja de ser graduado , definido y correlativo ; siendo cada uno de los movimientos que ejecutan jinete y caballo, la consecuencia de una posicion producida por una fuerza trasmitida. desobedienA mi modo de ver, el caballo no comete faltas, el jinete es el que yerra; por lo tanto, fuera látigo y correas para castigar lo que se ha dado en llamar cia ó perversidad del caballo.

    Explico y hago comprender el porqué en ciertos casos se niega á obedecer, y expongo los medios de disponerle á que ceda con docilidad. Afirmo que el caballo tiene siempre razon, y voy á demostrarlo. Si tiene el libre uso de sus fuerzas, es dueño de sus movimientos á pesar de la voluntad y resistencia del jinete.
    ¿A que pues emplear el látigo ó medios mas ó menos fuertes?
    ¿Cambiarán por ventura la disposicion de sus fuerzas para darles la precision y direccion que no tienen?, no sin duda.
    En este caso
    ¿porqué castigarle por una resistencia, que no es mas que la consecuencia natural de la posicion en que por ignorancia se le ha colocado?

    Antes de todo debe sacársele de ella, y será esto fácil al picador, si lo ha hecho bastante manejable para poder dominarle.

    Con el uso de veinte y cuatro procedimientos que todos concurren al mismo fin, es decir, á establecer el equilibrio mas perfecto en las configuraciones mas defectuosas, he conseguido introducir en el arte una mejora que, no lo dudo , será utilisima, y en particular al arma de caballeria, que obtendrá economia de tiempo , estimulo para los hombres, progresos en la instruccion y mayor precision en las maniobras.

    Contestaré en este lugar á un clamor, circunscrito si á un circulo muy limitado, pero que a pesar de todo ha llegado á mi noticia. ¿Como es, preguntan algunos, que un profesor innovador que tiene la pretension de fundar una nueva escuela , se haya puesto en espectáculo ante el público?
    ¿No fuera mas decoroso, que siguiendo el ejemplo de sus cólegas se limitase á enseñar en su picadero?
    Este lenguaje no deja de ser capcioso, al mismo tiempo que injusto, y no debe por lo tanto quedar sin contestacion.

    Ante todo, debemos hacer frente á nuestros compromisos y creo que el hombre es indigno de toda consideracion, si por efecto de una vanidad mal entendida , no emplea todos los medios decorosos que se le presentan, para mantener en buen estado un establecimento á cuya cabeza se ha puesto, y que por el contrario engaña á los que se han fiado en su buena fe y le han tendido una mano protectora.
    Bien sabidos son los enormes gastos que lleva consigo el sostener un picadero; y como la verdadera aficion a la equitacion, es poco generalizada y ha venido a caer bajo el dominio del capricho y de la vanidad, estos establecimientos no pueden sostenerse sin que su Director no reuna dos industrias. He aqui lo que tengo que decir respecto á la cuestion material; paso á la de arte.

    Me era necesario hacer conocer mi método , darle toda la publicidad posible y convencer á los incrédulos. En mi anterior obra, habia expuesto mis principios, creido de que debian operar una revolucion ecuestre; pero 6 años transcurridos sin que yo recibiera el menor estimulo, me convencieron mas y mas cono ser este el mejor medio para que la Francia entera y sobre todo el ejercito, llegase á conocerlos y practicarlos.
    En este largo periodo, solo se me presentaron para estudiarlos los Sres, Gaussin, Villars, Gatayes y Rull.
    El vulgo sin duda, hubiera admitido con entusiasmo un bocado capaz de detener el caballo lanzado á la carrera, ú otros medios mecánicos que bastara comprar para ser jinete. Yo queria obligar á los extranjeros á que confesáran nuestra superioridad ecuestre, probándoles el partido que sabemos sacar aun de los caballos mas inferiores.

    Estos eran mis sueños, y estas todas mis esperanzas, que si 'se realizan lo deberé á la resolucion de hacer patente la eficacia de mi sistema, haciendo al público juez de sus resultados. Asi es que cuando supo que aquellos caballos que vió tan nobles y tan erguidos, habian sido elejidos entre los menos favorecidos por la naturaleza, y por consiguiente pagados á infimo precio , conoció que mi sistema tendria algun mérito.
    Mis contrarios entonces tuvieron tambien que confesarlo , aunqne pretendiendo que el resultado obtenido dependia mas bien del hombre, que del método establecido por mi. No queda pues duda alguna, que si no me hubiera presentado en la escena y sin los ejercicios públicos de los caballos Partidario, Neptuno, Capitan, Buridan , Topacio y otros, me veria todavia desconocido y confundido en la obscuridad.
    Ademas , respetables y honrosas son todas las profesiones , en particular la que distrae é ilustra al publico, y no me considero degradado por haberme presentado ante él. A los que han pretendido que he rebajado mi titulo de Profesor de equitacion , contestaré que Moliere y Shakespeare, desempeñaron tambien un papel en sus comedias, y que al imitar en mi humilde esfera , el ejemplo de esos dos hombres ilustres, no he hecho mas, que elevar como ellos mi inteligencia sobre la ruina de las preocupaciones.”

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